On a clock.

(x+2)*2

(2+2)*2=8
(8+2)*2=20
(20+2)*2=44
...

3 because since there are only two sock colors, if you take out three socks two out of three of them have to be the same color

Candle.

Meteor.

Forty dollars. There were only four people and the grandmother, who was also one of the mothers, paid the entire bill.

888 + 88 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 1000

Lightning.

11.
Example: 26 + 78 + 39 = 131,821,111,415
26: Use its right number as an exponent,then the answer is 64.
78: The same as the 26. Then the answer is 5,782,378
39: The same one. The answer is 19,683
After that,add them all.
The answer is 3,811,145, but this is not finished.
After you add,write in the paper the answer and write: One 3,one 8,three 1's,one 4 and one 5.
Translate in numbers: 1,318,311,415

Because Louis is 5 days older than Martha!

13

Because six has 3 letters 3 has 5, 5 has 4, 4 has 4.